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A simple yet effective visual technique is to sketch full-screen photographs to illustrate each of the Key Point slides. Full-screen photographs can be a good t on the CTA+3 slides if they function to make the ideas of the headlines memorable. In the example shown on the upper-right slide in Figure 7-11, the rst Key Point slide refers to threepart strategy, so the sketch of the photograph includes a clipboard with a piece of paper that has three check boxes. The second Key Point slide, on the lower left, refers to an experienced team, so that sketch illustrates a photo of the team. The third Key Point slide refers to the clients being satis ed, so the sketch is of a photo of a client survey with 100% written on it, along with some clients logos around the document.

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In this chapter you developed a complete, basic application that had a set of requirements and desired features. You then extended it with some nonessential, but useful, elaborations. Ruby makes developing quick applications a snap. The application you ve developed in this chapter has demonstrated that if you have a lot of text to process or a number of calculations to do, and you re dreading doing the work manually, Ruby can take the strain. 4 marks the end of the practical programming exercises in the first part of this book. Next, in 5, you ll take a look at the history of Ruby; Ruby s community of developers; the historical reasons behind certain features in Ruby; and learn how to get help from, and become part of, the Ruby community. Code makes up only half the journey to becoming a great programmer!

s with almost all other programming languages, Ruby has its own culture and eco system. Ruby s ecosystem is made up of many thousands of developers, maintainers, documenters, bloggers, and those who help sponsor or fund the development and use of the language. Some programmers who are new to a language make the mistake that learning about a language s history and community is pointless, but the most successful developers quickly learn about the ecosystem and get involved in it. The motivations behind a language s development and its users can provide significant clues about the best approaches to take when solving problems, and understanding the vocabulary of other developers of that language greatly helps when it comes to looking for help and advice. This chapter takes a break from the code-focused tutorials to bring you up to speed with how the Ruby world works, the motivations behind the language, as well as the best ways to find help and get involved with the community. If you re new to software development, this chapter will also explain some of the many terms and phrases used by developers relating to software development. You ll also take a quick look at Ruby s history, Ruby s creator, the processes and terminology that Ruby developers use that make them reasonably unique, and the technologies that have taken Ruby from being relatively unknown to being an important first-class programming language.

The has_key method checks whether a dictionary has a given key. The expression d.has_key(k) is equivalent to k in d. The choice of which to use is largely a matter of taste. Here is an example of how you might use has_key: >>> >>> 0 >>> >>> 1 d = {} d.has_key('name') d['name'] = 'Eric' d.has_key('name')

Ruby is relatively young in the world of programming languages, having been first developed in 1993, making it roughly the same age as both Perl and Python. Among the most popular programming languages still in use today, Fortran, for example, was developed in 1953; C was developed in the early 1970s; and BASIC was developed in 1963. However, Ruby s modernness is an asset rather than a downfall. From day one it was designed with object-oriented programming in mind, and its syntax has remained remarkably consistent over time. However, the older languages have been forced to complicate their syntax and change radically to address modern concepts such as object orientation, networks, and graphical environments.

FIGURE 7-11 Sketches of the Call to Action slide with a three-panel layout and the Key Point slides with

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